Iskander-M / -K

Iskander-M is a Russian SRBM with a 480–500 km range (officially 500 km under INF interpretation, possibly higher), launched from a 9P78-1 TEL with two missiles. The 9M723 missile is notable for its quasi-ballistic trajectory: it climbs to a ~50 km ceiling and maneuvers in the terminal phase with canards and small attitude thrusters to defeat ABM systems. Payload 480 kg, CEP per Russian sources 5–7 m (a claim not always confirmed in the field). Iskander-K is a ground-launched cruise missile variant (9M728/9M729) with a 480–2,500 km range — the 9M729 was the trigger for Trump's INF Treaty withdrawal in 2019. Combat effectiveness: 7.5/10. RUSI analyses (2023–2024) note that CEP and reliability sometimes underperform in practice, possibly due to degradation of Russian microelectronic components under sanctions.