Electronic Warfare & Cyber

Electronic warfare (EW) covers three sub-domains: Electronic Attack (EA) — actively disrupting enemy RF (jamming, spoofing, deception); Electronic Support (ES) — passively detecting, locating and classifying RF emitters (SIGINT, COMINT, ELINT); and Electronic Protection (EP) — protecting one's own systems against enemy EA via frequency hopping, low-probability-of-intercept waveforms and hardening. EW takes place across all frequency bands from HF (3–30 MHz, long-range comms) to millimeter wave (30+ GHz, radar). Modern EW evolution is driven by cognitive radar/jamming: instead of pre-programmed responses to known signals, AI-driven systems learn during an engagement to classify new signals and generate counter-tactics on the fly. Strategic SIGINT capabilities (such as US Five Eyes stations, Russian OSNAZ, Chinese 3PLA) are almost never sold. Tactical pods and C-UAS (Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems) are, and this sub-category has grown explosively since 2022 due to drone threats in Ukraine and the Middle East.